1 Fitzhugh Green, AmericanPropaganda Abroad (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1988), p. xii.
2 David W. Guth and Charles Marsh,Public Relations: A Values-Driven Approach (Boston: Allynand Bacon, 2000), p. 55.
3 Scott M. Cutlip, The UnseenPower: Public Relations. A History (Hillsdale, N.J.: LawrenceErlbaum Associates, 1994), pp. xiv-xv.
4 Fitzhugh, op. cit., p. 7.
5 Bruce Catton, Bruce Catton'sCivil War (New York: Fairfax Press, 1984), pp. 191-192.
6 Brett Gray, The NervousLiberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 8.
7 New Webster's Dictionaryand Roget's Thesaurus (New York: Ottenhiemer Publishers, 1992, p. 301.
8 Todd Hunt and James E. Grunig,Public Relations Techniques (Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace, 1994),p. 8.
9 Cutlip, op. cit., pp. 182-183.
10 Cutlip, op. cit., p. 182.
11 Gray, op. cit., p. 8.
12 Leo Bogart. 1995. CoolWords, Cold War. The American University Press. Washington.p. xii
13 Fitzhugh, op. cit., p. 3.
14 Guth and Marsh, op. cit., pp. 35-36.
15 David M. Kennedy, Over Here:The First World War and American Society. (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1980), p. 62.
16 Barry Alan Marks. "The Idea of Propagandain America" Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1957. Ascited in Gray, op. cit., p. 23.
17 Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Centerand Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, Sixth Edition (EnglewoodCliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1985), pp. 40-49.
18 Richard Alan Nelson, A Chronologyand Glossary of Propaganda in the United States. (Westport, Conn.:Greenwood Press, 1996), pp. 274 (white propaganda) and 176 (gray propaganda).
19 Ibid, p. 128.
20 Bogart, op.cit., p. xiii
21 Charles A.H. Thomson. 1948. Overseas Information Service of the United States Government. The Brookings Institution. Washington. p. 19. (As citedin Bogart, op. cit. p. xiii)
22 Cutlip, Center and Broom, op. cit.p. 570.
23 Speech by Allen M. Wilson, vicepresident of The Advertising Council, to a joint luncheon of the ExportAdvertising Association and Export Managers Club, March 23, 1949. Charles W. Jackson Files, Assistant to the President File 1948-52, Box27, Harry S. Truman Library.
24 "Statement by the President." August 31, 1945. Official File, Folder 37. Harry S. TrumanLibrary.
25 John Boardman Whitton, editor. 1963. Propaganda and the Cold War. Public Affairs Press. Washington. p. 5.
26 Richard M. Freeland. 1972. The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism. Alfred A. Knopf. New York. pp. 207-208.
27 David McCullough. 1992. Truman. Simon & Schuster. New York. pp. 520-524.
28 Freeland. op. cit. pp. 85-86.
29 Freeland. op. cit. p. 89.
30 Melvyn P. Leffler. 1992. A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administrationand the Cold War. Stanford University Press. Stanford,Calif. pp. 144-145.
31 Ibid.
32 Freeland. op. cit. p.89.
33 Freeland. op. cit. pp.94-95.
34 Bogart. op. cit. pp. xviii-xiv.
35 Alvin A. Snyder. 1994. U.S. Foreign Affairs in the New Information Age: Charting a Course forthe 21st Century. The Annenberg Washington Program in CommunicationsPolicy Studies of Northwestern University. Washington.
36 Bogart. op. cit. p. xiv.
37 McCullough, op. cit., p. 764.
38 McCullough, op. cit., p. 764.
39 Nelson, op. cit, p. 68.
40 McCullough, op. cit., p. 772.
41 Address by President Harry S. Trumanto the American Society of Newspaper Editors, April 20, 1950, Files ofCharles. Murphy, Presidential Speech File, Box Number 6, Harry S. TrumanLibrary.
42 Ibid.
43 Department of State DepartmentalAnnouncement No. 4. "Establishment of the United States InternationalInformation Administration (IIA)." January 16, 1952. As publishedin Foreign Relations of the United States 1952-1954, Volume II, Part2. United States Government Printing Office. Washington.1984. p 1591.
44 Foreign Relations of the UnitedStates 1951 Volume I. United States Government Printing Office. Washington. 1959. p. 902. Footnote 3.
45 Ibid. p 903. Footnote 5.
46 Ibid. Memorandum by the AssistantSecretary of State for Public Affairs to the Under Secretary of State andthe Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration. January 5,1951. p 903.
47 Ibid. pp 903-904.
48 Ibid. p. 907. Footnote3.
49 USIA: 1953-1999. A Commemoration. United States Information Agency publication posted on its Web site. September 1999. p 15.
50 The Secretary of State to SenatorWilliam Benton. January 24, 1951. Foreign Relations of theUnited States 1951 Volume I. United States Government PrintingOffice. Washington. 1959. p 910.
51 Fitzhugh, op. cit., p. 22.
52 Fitzhugh, op. cit., p. 27.
53 Memorandum by the Deputy Under Secretaryof State for Administration to the Regional Bureau Executive Directors. January 30, 1952. As published in Foreign Relations of the UnitedStates, 1952-1954, Volume II, Part 2. United States Government PrintingOffice. Washington. 1984. pp 1595-1616.
54 Ibid. p 1612.
55 Ibid. p 1614.
56 Ibid. p 1627. EditorialNote.
57 Ibid. Memorandum by the Administratorof the International Information Administration to the Secretary of State. July 29, 1952. p 1628.
58 Ninth Semiannual Report of the Secretaryof State to Congress on the International Information and Educational Program,January 1952 to June 1952. Box 3, C.D. Jackson Records (1953-1954),Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
59 Jeff Broadwater. 1992. Eisenhower & the Anti-Communist Crusade. The University of NorthCarolina Press. Chapel Hill. p. 69.
60 Ibid.
61 Stephen E. Ambrose. Eisenhower:Soldier and President. Simon & Schuster. New York. 1990.pp 72-73.
62 September 28, 1953, staff meetingnotes. Ann Whitman Diary Series. Anne Whitman File. Box1. Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
63 James E. Grunig et al., editors. Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management. LawrenceErlbaum. Hillsdale, N.J. 1992. p 331.
64 James Reston. "EisenhowerPlans Key Staff To Guide 'Cold War' Policy." The New York Times. January 11, 1953. p 53.
65 Ibid.
66 Scope and Content Note, Finder'sGuide, U.S. Committee on International Information Activities (JacksonCommittee): Records, 1950-53. Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. (In subsequentcitations, documents from this file will be referred to as "Jackson CommitteeRecords.")
67 White House Press Release. January 26, 1953. Jackson Committee Records. Box 14. Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
68 Eisenhower letter to James S. Lay,Jr. January 24, 1953. Jackson Committee Records, 1950-53. Box 12. Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
69 Report To The President. June30, 1953. U.S. President's Committee on International InformationActivities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53. Dwight David EisenhowerLibrary.
70 Editorial Note. ForeignRelations of the United States, 1952-1954, Volume II, Part 2. United States Government Printing Office. Washington. 1984.p 1672.
71 Staff Memorandum No. 8. UnitedStates Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. April 10, 1953. Jackson Committee Records. Box 14. op cit.
72 Charles E. Egan. "PropagandaPost in Cabinet Urged." The New York Times. February21, 1953. p 1.
73 Bogart. op. cit. p.xv.
74 Broadwater. op. cit. pp. 72-73.
75 Ibid.
76 "Mundt Sees One Unit For U.S. Information." The New York Times. February 23, 1953. Clipping fromJackson Committee Records. Box 14. op. cit.
77 Memorandum No. 14. April 7,1953. President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Volume II, Part 2. United States Government Printing Office. Washington. 1984. pp 1691-1697.
78 "Psychological War." TheWashington Post. February 14, 1953. Clipping from JacksonCommittee Records. Box 14. op. cit.
79 Joseph Alsop and Stewart Alsop. "'Selling' Democracy Like Soap Flakes." The Washington Post. January 12, 1953. Clipping from the files of U.S. President's Committeeon International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53. Box 14. Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
80 Walter Lippmann. "Abolishthe Voice of America." The New York Herald Tribune. April 27, 1953. Clipping from Jackson Committee Records. Box14. op. cit.
81 James Reston. "Too Much Talk,Critics Say, Nullifies 'Cold War' by U.S." The New York Times. February 22, 1953. Clipping from Jackson Committee Records. Box 14. op. cit.
82 Alsop and Alsop. op. cit.
83 Memorandum from Franklin A. Lindsayto Messrs. Jackson, W.H. and C.D. February 10, 1953. JacksonCommittee Records. Box 12.
84 "Eisenhower's 'cold war' committeeto call on PR men." Time. February 28, 1953. Clippingfrom Jackson Committee Records. Box 14. op. cit.
85 Ellis L. Phillips. Memorandumof notes and impressions of Workshop Panel on U.S. International PublicRelations, sponsored by the American Public Relations Association, on March3, 1953. Jackson Committee Records. Box 13. op. cit.
86 Public Relations News. Letter No. 464. June 1, 1953. New York. p 1.
87 Memorandum from Lewis C. Mattisonto Abbott Washburn. May 27, 1953. Jackson Committee Records. Box 11. op. cit.
88 President Eisenhower's message toCongress on Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953. June 1, 1953. U.S.President's Committee on International Information Activities (JacksonCommittee): Records, 1950-53. Box 14. Dwight David EisenhowerLibrary.
89 White House Press Release on thereport of the President's Committee on International Information. July 8, 1953. U.S. President's Committee on International InformationActivities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53. Box 14. DwightDavid Eisenhower Library.
90 Report to the President. op. cit. pp 101-102. Italics added for emphasis.
91 Report to the President. op.cit. p 102.
92 White House Press Release on thereport of the President's Committee on International Information. op. cit.
93 "Collection Description: The PsychologicalStrategy Board." Harry S. Truman Library.
94 White House Press Release on thereport of the President's Committee on International Information. op. cit.
95 White House Press Release on thereport of the President's Committee on International Information. op. cit.
96 White House Press Release on thereport of the President's Committee on International Information. op. cit.
97 Freeland. op. cit. p. 9.
98 Freeland. op. cit. pp.11-12.
99 Fred I. Greenstein. 1982. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. The JohnsHopkins University Press. Baltimore. pp. 155-157.
100 Ambrose. op. cit.
101 Statement of Vice President Al Gore. "Cutting Back to Basics." White House News Release. September7, 1993.
102 "Accompanying Reportof the National Performance Review." Office of the Vice President. The White House. July 23, 1994.
103 Statement by thePress Secretary. The White House. February 15, 1995.
104 Fact Sheet: ForeignAffairs Reorganization. The White House. December 30, 1998.
105 Kenton Keith. 1999. "Troubled Takeover: The Demise of USIA." Posted online at http://www.afsa.org/fsj/Sep99/TroubledKeith.htm
106 Nancy Snow. 1998. "The Smith-Mundt Act of 1948: A Fifty-year Legacy of U.S. Propaganda." Peace Review. Vol. 10, No. 4. Available online at http://www.snowmachine.com/smith.html